Fredi Washington Bibliography

Bearden, Bessye. “Fredi Washington Weds Duke’s Trombonist.” Chicago Defender, August 19, 1933, 5. 

“Bill Robinson Named Guild Honorary Head.” Chicago Defender, February 18, 1939, 10. 

Black, Cheryl. “Looking White, Acting Black: Cast(e)Ing Fredi Washington.” Theatre Survey 45, no. 1 (2004): 19–40.

______. “‘New Negro’ Performance on Life and Art: Fredi Washington and the Theatrical Columns of the People’s Voice, 1943–47.” Theatre History Studies 24 (2004): 57–72. 

Blake, Aaron. “Republican Rep. Allen West Says Many Congressional Democrats Are Communists.” Washington Post Blogs, April 4, 2012. www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ the-fix/post/republican-rep-allen-west-suggests-many-congressional-democrats-are-communists/2012/04/11/gIQApbZiAT_blog.html, accessed April 11, 2022. 

Bogle, Donald. “The Washington Sisters: Orphans of the Storm.” In Brown Sugar: Eighty Years of America’s Black Female Superstars, 76–82. New York, NY: Harmony Books, 1980. 

Bourne, Stephen. “Obituary: Fredi Washington.” The Independent, July 4, 1994. www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-fredi-washington-1411510.html, accessed April 11, 2022. 

Bowdre, Karen M. “Passing Films and the Illusion of Racial Equality.” Black Camera 5, no. 2 (2014): 21–43. 

Brooks, Atkinson. “Concerning Mamba’s Waters.” New York Times, January 15, 1939, X1.

Committee on Un-American Activities. “Report on the Congress of American Women.” Washington, D.C.: US House of Representatives, October 23, 1949. 

Conrad, Earl. “Headlines and Footlights.” People’s Voice, April 22, 1944, 22. 

Darden, Norma Jean. “Oh, Sister! Fredi and Isabel Washington Relive ’30s Razzmatazz.” Essence Magazine, September 1978, 98. 

Davis, Kimberly Nicole. “Fredi Washington: Black Entertainers and the ‘Double V’ Campaign.” PhD diss., Texas State University-San Marcos, 2006. 

Dewberry, Jonathan. “Black Actors Unite: The Negro Actors’ Guild.” The Black Scholar 21, no. 2 (1990): 2–11. 

G-2. “Subject: Negro Criticism of U.S.O. Entertainment Overseas.” December 10, 1943. Weekly Conference Report. New York, NY: FBI. 

Finlay, Nancy. “Remembering Fredi Washington: Actress, Activist, and Journalist.” 2021, Connecticut History. https://connecticuthistory.org/remembering-fredi-washington-actress-activist-and-journalist/, accessed April 11, 2022. 

“Fredericka Carolyn ‘Fredi’ Washington, Harlem,” Harlem World Magazine. July 3, 2017. www.harlemworldmagazine.com/fredericka-carolyn-fredi-washington-harlem-video/, accessed April 11, 2022. 

“Fredi Washington Bares Her Hubby’s Letters from ‘Other Woman’ in Court.” Chicago Defender, February 28, 1948. 

McCarthy, Joseph. “Speech to 25th Women’s Patriotic Conference of National Defense.” Washington, D.C., January 26, 1951. Marquette University, John P. Raynor, S.J. Libraries, Department of Special Collections. 

______. Treason in Washington Exposed. St. Louis, MI: Christian Nationalist Crusade, 1950. 

MJC, “Our Four Star Washington Gal.” People’s Voice, August 14, 1943. 

Mullen, Bill and James Edward Smethurst. Left of the Color Line: Race, Radicalism, and Twentieth-Century Literature of the United States. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2003. 

Phelan, Joseph J. “Fredi Washington Security Matter—C.” Letterhead Memo. July 11, 1946. #100-81380-4. FBI File National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD. 

Regester, Charlene B. African American Actresses: The Struggle for Visibility, 1900–1960. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2010. 

Robinson, Albert. “Dear Miss Fredi Washington.” Fan letter. April 1, 1935. Box 1, Correspondence 1935–1948, Fredi Washington Papers, Amistad Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA. 

Rule, Sheila. “Fredi Washington, 90, Actress; Broke Ground for Black Artists.” New York Times, sec. Obituaries. June 30, 1994. www.nytimes.com/1994/06/30/obituaries/fredi-washington-90actress-broke-ground-for-black-artists.html, accessed April 11, 2022. 

Smith, Alfred E. “Coast Agrees that Miss Washington is Terrific.” Chicago Defender, September 27, 1941. 

Washington, Fredi. “Fredi Says.” People’s Voice, May 26, 1945, 24.

______. “Fredi Says.” People’s Voice, September 7, 1946, 28. 

______. “Fredi Says.” People’s Voice, April 26, 1947, 26. 

______. “Headlines and Footlights.” People’s Voice, April 10, 1943, 26. 

______. “Headlines and Footlights.” People’s Voice, November 6, 1943, 24. 

______. “Headlines and Footlights.” People’s Voice, January 29, 1944, 22. 

______. “Headlines and Footlights.” People’s Voice, March 18, 1944, 22. 

______. “Headlines and Footlights.” People’s Voice, April 15, 1944, 22. 

______. “Headlines and Footlights.” People’s Voice, May 27, 1944, 26 

______. “Headlines and Footlights.” People’s Voice, June 10, 1944, 22. 

______. “Headlines and Footlights.” People’s Voice, August 5, 1944, 22. 

Washington, Mary Helen. “Alice Childress, Lorraine Hansberry, and Claudia Jones: Black Women Write the Popular Front.” In Left of the Color Line: Race, Radicalism, and Twentieth- Century Literature of the United States, 183–204. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2003. 

______. The Other Blacklist: The African American Literary and Cultural Left of the 1950s. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2014. 

Woodard, Laurie Avant. “Performing Artists of the Harlem Renaissance: Resistance, Identity, and Meaning in the Life and Work of Fredi Washington from 1920 to 1950.” PhD diss., Yale University, 2007.